JLPT N2 Relational phrases: based on, regardless of
に基づいて and をもとに mean "based on", with に基づいて stressing a strict basis. に応じて and に沿って follow a standard, をめぐって names the subject of a dispute, and を問わず and にかかわらず mean "regardless of". に伴って and にわたって describe accompanying change and extent in time or space.
19 N2 grammar points in this group
より (yori): from
Use より when you want to mark a formal starting point in time, place, or source.
会議は午後三時より始まります。 — The meeting starts from 3 p.m.
にて (nite): in; at; by; with
Use にて when you want to replace particles like で in formal written announcements.
会議は三階のホールにて行われます。 — The meeting will be held in the third-floor hall.
に向かって (ni mukatte): toward; facing
Use に向かって when you want to show direction, destination, target, or orientation.
駅に向かって歩いている。 — I am walking toward the station.
に応えて (ni kotaete): in response to
Use に応えて when you want to show that an action responds to requests, expectations, or support.
お客様の声に応えて、新しい機能を追加しました。 — In response to customer feedback, we added a new feature.
に基づいて (ni motozuite): based on
Use に基づいて when you want to state the basis, data, rule, or evidence for an action or judgment.
調査結果に基づいて、計画を見直した。 — Based on the survey results, we reviewed the plan.
をもとに (o moto ni): based on
Use をもとに when you want to say something is created or judged from a source or foundation.
実話をもとにした映画です。 — It is a movie based on a true story.
に沿って (ni sotte): along with; in accordance with
Use に沿って when you want to follow a rule, plan, line, road, or policy.
計画に沿って、作業を進めます。 — We will proceed with the work according to the plan.
に応じて (ni oujite): depending on; according to
Use に応じて when you want to adjust something according to a condition, level, or request.
経験に応じて、給料が変わります。 — Salary changes depending on experience.
に関わる (ni kakawaru): relating to; affecting
Use に関わる when you want to describe something that concerns or affects an important matter.
命に関わる問題だから、すぐに対応してください。 — It is a matter involving life, so please respond immediately.
をめぐって (o megutte): concerning; over
Use をめぐって when you want to describe discussion, conflict, or movement around an issue.
新しい制度をめぐって、議論が続いている。 — Debate continues over the new system.
を問わず (o towazu): regardless of
Use を問わず when you want to say that categories or conditions do not matter.
年齢を問わず、誰でも参加できます。 — Anyone can participate regardless of age.
に関わらず (ni kakawarazu): regardless of
Use に関わらず when you want to say the result is the same no matter what condition applies.
年齢に関わらず、誰でも参加できます。 — Anyone can participate regardless of age.
に伴って (ni tomonatte): as; along with
Use に伴って when you want to show one change occurring together with another.
人口の増加に伴って、住宅不足が深刻になった。 — As the population increased, the housing shortage became serious.
にわたって (ni watatte): throughout; over
Use にわたって when you want to show a range in time, place, or scope.
三日間にわたって、会議が開かれた。 — The conference was held over three days.
の下で (no moto de): under; with
Use の下で when you want to show the authority, condition, guidance, or environment in which something happens.
先生の指導の下で、研究を進めた。 — I advanced the research under my teacher's guidance.
中を / 中では (naka o dewa): in; on; in the midst of; when; while
Use 中を / 中では（なかを / なかでは） when you want to express that an action takes place within, through, or amidst certain circumstances or a group.
雨の中を、彼は一人で帰っていった。 — He went home alone through the rain.
につき (ni tsuki): due to; per; each
Use につき when you want to give a formal reason, rate, or unit basis.
工事中につき、通行できません。 — Due to construction, passage is not possible.
がきっかけで / をきっかけに (ga kikkake de): with… as a start; as a result of; taking advantage of
Use がきっかけで / をきっかけに when you want to express that a particular event or experience served as the trigger or catalyst for a change.
彼との出会いがきっかけで、人生が変わった。 — Meeting him changed my life.
を契機に (o keiki ni): taking as an opportunity
Use を契機に when you want to show that something becomes the trigger or turning point for change.
留学を契機に、日本文化に興味を持つようになった。 — Studying abroad became the opportunity that made me interested in Japanese culture.
More JLPT N2 grammar groups
- Conditionals and preconditions (10)
- Contrast and concession (17)
- Cause, reason, and "no wonder" (16)
- Obligation, advice, and no choice (15)
- Feelings, resolve, and exclamations (15)
- Possibility, risk, and certainty (14)
- Viewpoint and judging from appearance (11)
- Negation and "far from" (12)
- Limits, exceptions, and minimums (14)
- Adding, listing, and connecting ideas (19)
- Timing: as soon as, since, in the end (15)
- Change, manner, and degree (21)